这样的用法(参见第168节),即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时:
They’ve always had a big garden.
他们一直有一座大花园。
How long have you known that?
你知道这事多久了?
He’s been in hospital since his accident.
他从发生事故之后,一直在医院里。
注意:现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用,也可以不连用,这一点就有别于现在完成时,因为后者与像for six days,since June,never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作。不用这些时间状语时,现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作。
B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示:
I’ve written six letters since breakfast.
早饭后我已经写了六封信。
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast.
早饭后我一直在写信。
I have knocked five times.I don’t think anyone’s in.
我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。
I’ve been knocking.I don’t think anybody’s in.
我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人。
注意:现在完成进行时表示一种看来似乎是不间断的动作,所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时,不能用现在完成进行时。
C 用现在完成时表达的单一动作和用现在完成进行时表达的动作是有区别的:
(a)I’ve polished the car.
我擦了车。
意指这件事已经结束了。
(b) I’ve been polishing the car.
我在擦车来着。
意指过去一小时我就是这样度过的,而不一定指动作已结束。注意:用现在完成进行时表示单一动作时,这一动作持续到说话的时间或者接近这一时间为止:
He’s been taking photos.
他一直在拍照。(他大概手里正拿着照相机。)
He has taken photos.
他拍过相片。(这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的。)
?
[Amber demo]
193 进一步举例
?
A:I haven’t seen your brother lately.Has be gone away?
甲:我近来一直没有见到过你的兄弟。他是不是到别的地方去了?
B:Yes,he’s/he has been sent to America.
乙:是的,他被派到美国去了。
A:When did he go?
甲:他什么时候走的?
B:He went last month.
乙:他是上个月走的。
A:Have you had any letters from him?
甲:你收到他的来信了吗?
B:I haven’t,but his wife has been hearing from him regularly.
乙:我没有收到,但他的妻子常收到他的来信。
A:Does she intend to go out and join him?
甲:她想出去跟他团聚吗?
B:They’ve been thinking about it but haven’t quite decided yet.Unfortu-nately they’ve had a lot of expense lately and perhaps haven’t got themoney for her fare.
乙:他们正在考虑这件事,可还没有最后决定。但是不巧得很,最近他们开销很大,也许没有钱给她买票。
Tom:What have you done with my knife?
汤姆:你怎么动我的小刀了?(你把我的小刀放在哪里了?)
Ann:I put it back in your drawer.
安:我把它放回你的抽屉里了。
Tom(taking it out):But what have you been doing with it?The blade’s alltwisted!Have you been using it to open tins?
汤姆(拿出小刀):可你用这刀子干什么来着?刃都卷了!你用它开罐头了吧?
A:Do you see those people on that little sandy island?They’ve been wav-ing handkerchiefs for the last half hour.I wonder why.
甲:你看见小沙洲上的那些人了吗?半小时了,他们一直挥舞着手绢。我不知是怎么回事。
B:They need help.The tide’s coming in and very soon that little islandwill be under water.Have you been sitting here calmly and doing noth-ing to help them?
乙:他们需要救援。潮水正在上涨,不一会儿那小岛就要被淹没。你难道一直在这里无动于衷地坐视不救吗?
A:I’ve never been here before.I didn’t know about the tides.
甲:我以前从来没来过这里。我不了解潮水的情况。
?
[Amber demo]
过去完成时?
?
[Amber demo]
194 形式和用法
?
A 形式
过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,因此无人称变化:
肯定式:I had/I’d worked等
否定式:I had not/hadn’t worked等
疑问式:had I worked?等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadn’t I worked?等
B 用法
1 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式。
现在完成时:
Ann has just left.If you hurry you’ll catch her.
安刚刚走。如果你快一点,就能追上她。(参见第183节。)
过去完成时:
When I arrived Ann had just left.
我到的时候,安刚刚离开。
现在完成时:
I’ve lost my case.
我的手提箱丢了。(参见第184节。)
过去完成时:
He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’s pyjamas.
他的手提箱丢了,不得不去向汤姆借睡衣睡裤。
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说:
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.
他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。
2 现在完成时可以和 since/for/always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作。(参见第186节。)与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作,这一动作:
(a)在该时刻仍然在继续;或
(b)在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示:
(c)在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。
(a),(b),(c)这三种类型的例句分别列举如下:
(a)Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for tenyears/since he was seventeen,and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty.
我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了/他
从17岁就当兵,并且还计划在军队里呆到30岁。
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years/ever since she was born,andhad no wish to move to a tower block.
安在小屋里已经住了60年/安出生以来就一直住在小屋,也不想搬到塔楼去住。(这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had beeniiving。)
(b)The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for300 years/since before the church was built,suddenly crashed to the ground.
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树/在教堂建造之前就屹立着的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。(这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had been standing。)
Peter,who had waited for an hour/since ten o’clock,was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up.
彼得等了一小时/从10点钟起就等着,他妹妹终于来到时他非常生气。(也可以用had been waiting。)
(c)He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.
His children were now at school.
他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在已上学了。
这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时。还要注意到,这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时。如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时,其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时。
He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.
His chil-dren are now at school.
他在军队里服役十年,然后退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在都在上学。这些结构以图解形式分别表示如下,直线AB表示过去完成时的动作,TS表示过去说话的某一时刻:
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !461350T1.bmp}
(另参见第196节关于间接引语中过去完成时的用法。)
3 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years beforeand since then Tom had lived alone.His father had advised him not to getmarried till he was 35,and Tom intended to follow this advice.
我们的故事开始时汤姆23岁。他父亲五年以前就已去世,打那以后汤姆一直独自生活。他父亲劝告过他不到35岁不要结婚,汤姆打算遵从这个忠言。
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang.When Icame back form answering it the glass was empty.Somebody had drunkthe beer or thrown it away.
我刚刚给自己倒了一杯啤酒,电话铃就响了。我接电话回来时,啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它泼掉了。
He met her in Paris in 1977.He had
They’ve always had a big garden.
他们一直有一座大花园。
How long have you known that?
你知道这事多久了?
He’s been in hospital since his accident.
他从发生事故之后,一直在医院里。
注意:现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用,也可以不连用,这一点就有别于现在完成时,因为后者与像for six days,since June,never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作。不用这些时间状语时,现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作。
B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示:
I’ve written six letters since breakfast.
早饭后我已经写了六封信。
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast.
早饭后我一直在写信。
I have knocked five times.I don’t think anyone’s in.
我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。
I’ve been knocking.I don’t think anybody’s in.
我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人。
注意:现在完成进行时表示一种看来似乎是不间断的动作,所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时,不能用现在完成进行时。
C 用现在完成时表达的单一动作和用现在完成进行时表达的动作是有区别的:
(a)I’ve polished the car.
我擦了车。
意指这件事已经结束了。
(b) I’ve been polishing the car.
我在擦车来着。
意指过去一小时我就是这样度过的,而不一定指动作已结束。注意:用现在完成进行时表示单一动作时,这一动作持续到说话的时间或者接近这一时间为止:
He’s been taking photos.
他一直在拍照。(他大概手里正拿着照相机。)
He has taken photos.
他拍过相片。(这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的。)
?
[Amber demo]
193 进一步举例
?
A:I haven’t seen your brother lately.Has be gone away?
甲:我近来一直没有见到过你的兄弟。他是不是到别的地方去了?
B:Yes,he’s/he has been sent to America.
乙:是的,他被派到美国去了。
A:When did he go?
甲:他什么时候走的?
B:He went last month.
乙:他是上个月走的。
A:Have you had any letters from him?
甲:你收到他的来信了吗?
B:I haven’t,but his wife has been hearing from him regularly.
乙:我没有收到,但他的妻子常收到他的来信。
A:Does she intend to go out and join him?
甲:她想出去跟他团聚吗?
B:They’ve been thinking about it but haven’t quite decided yet.Unfortu-nately they’ve had a lot of expense lately and perhaps haven’t got themoney for her fare.
乙:他们正在考虑这件事,可还没有最后决定。但是不巧得很,最近他们开销很大,也许没有钱给她买票。
Tom:What have you done with my knife?
汤姆:你怎么动我的小刀了?(你把我的小刀放在哪里了?)
Ann:I put it back in your drawer.
安:我把它放回你的抽屉里了。
Tom(taking it out):But what have you been doing with it?The blade’s alltwisted!Have you been using it to open tins?
汤姆(拿出小刀):可你用这刀子干什么来着?刃都卷了!你用它开罐头了吧?
A:Do you see those people on that little sandy island?They’ve been wav-ing handkerchiefs for the last half hour.I wonder why.
甲:你看见小沙洲上的那些人了吗?半小时了,他们一直挥舞着手绢。我不知是怎么回事。
B:They need help.The tide’s coming in and very soon that little islandwill be under water.Have you been sitting here calmly and doing noth-ing to help them?
乙:他们需要救援。潮水正在上涨,不一会儿那小岛就要被淹没。你难道一直在这里无动于衷地坐视不救吗?
A:I’ve never been here before.I didn’t know about the tides.
甲:我以前从来没来过这里。我不了解潮水的情况。
?
[Amber demo]
过去完成时?
?
[Amber demo]
194 形式和用法
?
A 形式
过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,因此无人称变化:
肯定式:I had/I’d worked等
否定式:I had not/hadn’t worked等
疑问式:had I worked?等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadn’t I worked?等
B 用法
1 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式。
现在完成时:
Ann has just left.If you hurry you’ll catch her.
安刚刚走。如果你快一点,就能追上她。(参见第183节。)
过去完成时:
When I arrived Ann had just left.
我到的时候,安刚刚离开。
现在完成时:
I’ve lost my case.
我的手提箱丢了。(参见第184节。)
过去完成时:
He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’s pyjamas.
他的手提箱丢了,不得不去向汤姆借睡衣睡裤。
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说:
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.
他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。
2 现在完成时可以和 since/for/always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作。(参见第186节。)与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作,这一动作:
(a)在该时刻仍然在继续;或
(b)在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示:
(c)在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。
(a),(b),(c)这三种类型的例句分别列举如下:
(a)Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for tenyears/since he was seventeen,and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty.
我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了/他
从17岁就当兵,并且还计划在军队里呆到30岁。
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years/ever since she was born,andhad no wish to move to a tower block.
安在小屋里已经住了60年/安出生以来就一直住在小屋,也不想搬到塔楼去住。(这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had beeniiving。)
(b)The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for300 years/since before the church was built,suddenly crashed to the ground.
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树/在教堂建造之前就屹立着的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。(这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had been standing。)
Peter,who had waited for an hour/since ten o’clock,was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up.
彼得等了一小时/从10点钟起就等着,他妹妹终于来到时他非常生气。(也可以用had been waiting。)
(c)He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.
His children were now at school.
他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在已上学了。
这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时。还要注意到,这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时。如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时,其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时。
He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.
His chil-dren are now at school.
他在军队里服役十年,然后退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在都在上学。这些结构以图解形式分别表示如下,直线AB表示过去完成时的动作,TS表示过去说话的某一时刻:
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !461350T1.bmp}
(另参见第196节关于间接引语中过去完成时的用法。)
3 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years beforeand since then Tom had lived alone.His father had advised him not to getmarried till he was 35,and Tom intended to follow this advice.
我们的故事开始时汤姆23岁。他父亲五年以前就已去世,打那以后汤姆一直独自生活。他父亲劝告过他不到35岁不要结婚,汤姆打算遵从这个忠言。
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang.When Icame back form answering it the glass was empty.Somebody had drunkthe beer or thrown it away.
我刚刚给自己倒了一杯啤酒,电话铃就响了。我接电话回来时,啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它泼掉了。
He met her in Paris in 1977.He had
