er demo]
327 besides,however,nevertheless,
otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet,though
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这些副词/连词可以连接两个从句或两个句子。此时它们被认为是“准连词”。除了nevertheless和therefore二者为连词外,它们也可有其他用法,有时用做其他词类。它们在句中的位置取决于它们的用法。
A besides(介词)意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词/代词/动名词之前:
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.
除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides(副词)意为“又,另外”,通常位于它引导的从句之前,有时也可位于其后:
I can’t go now;I’m too busy.Besides,my passport is out of date.
我现在不能走,我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
在较正式的英语中,可以用moreover代替besides。
在较非正式的英语中,也可用anyway或 in any case代替这样使用的 besides:
Anyway,my passport’s out of date.
反正,我的护照过期了。
B however(程度副词,参见第41节)可位于形容词/副词之前:
You couldn’t earn much,however hard you worked
无论你干得多卖力,你都挣不了多少钱。
however(连词)通常意为“但是”,可位于它所引导的从句之前或之后,或位于第一个词或短语之后:
I’ll offer it to Tom.However,he may not want it./He may not want it however./Tom,however,may not want it./If,however,he doesn’t want it...
我将提出把这个给汤姆,然而他可能不要它。/而汤姆可能不要它。/然而,万一汤姆不要它的话……
但提到两句意义相反的话时, however意为“但是/仍然/同样”:
They hadn’t trained hard,but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won however/nevertheless/all the same.
他们并没有刻苦训练,但/无论如何/仍然/同样获胜了。
(另参见第329节。)
C otherwise(副词)常常位于动词之后:
It must be used in a well-ventilated room.Used otherwise it could be harmful.
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise(连词)意为“要是不/否则”:
We must be early;otherwise we won’t get a seat.
我们得早点去,否则我们就没有座位了。
在英语口语中,这里也可用or:
We must be early or(else)we won’t get a seat.
(译文同上。)
D so(程度副词)位于形容词/副词之前:
It was so hot that...
天气太热了,因而……
They ran so fast that...
他们骑得太快了,因而……
so(连词)位于它所引导的从句之前:
Our cases were heavy,so we took a taxi.
我们的箱子太重了,所以我们要了辆出租车。
E therefore(连词)在正式英语中可用来代替so。它可位于一个从句之前、该从句的第一个词或第一个短语之后、或该从句的主要动词之前:
There is fog at Heathrow;the plane,therefore,has been diverted/the plane has therefore been diverted/therefore the plane has been diverted.
希思罗机场有雾;因此飞机转飞别的机场了。
F still和yet可作时间副词(参见第37节):
The children are still up.They haven’t had supper yet.
孩子们还没上床睡觉/醒着。他们还没吃晚饭呢。
still和yet(连词)位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still(连词)意为“虽承认某事/尽管如此”。
yet(连词)意为“不管,不顾/同样/尽管如此”。
You aren’t rich;still you could do something to help him.
你虽然不富有,但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive;yet people buy them.
它们既难看又昂贵,但人们还是买。
G though/although通常引导让步从句(参见第340节):
Though/Although they’re expensive,people buy them.
尽管/虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。
though也可用于连接两个主句,但although不能这样用。
though这么用时意为“但”或“还”,有时位于句首,大多数情况下位于句末:
He says he’ll pay,though I don’t think he will./He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will,though.
他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。
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[Amber demo]
328 从属连词
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if,that,though/although,unless,when等
引导从属从句或名词从句的从属连词在有关从句的各章中均有所描述。条件从句参见第二十一章;目的从句参见第三十三章;理由、结果、让步、比较从句和时间从句参见第三十四章;名词从句参见第三十五章。某些连词有多种意思,可引导不同类型的从句。
有些连词容易与另一个连词或与几个其他词类混淆。下面就谈一谈这些连词。
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[Amber demo]
329 though/although和in spite of
(介词短语),despite(介词)
?
两个相反的或对照的陈述语,如He had no qualifications(他没有资格证明)和 He got the job(他得到了工作),可用下列方法合并到一个句子里:
A 可如上面第 327节所示,用but,however或 nevertheless:
He had no qualifications but he got the job.
他没有资格证明,但他却得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;however he got the job/he got the job,howev- er.
他没有资格证明,但仍然得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;nevertheless he got the job.
他没有资格证明,然而他还是得到了这份工作。
B 可以使用 though/although:
He got the job although he had no qualifications.
Although he had no qualifications he got the job.
尽管他没有资格证明,他还是得到了这份工作。
C 可以使用 in spite of/despite+名词/代词/动名词:
In spite of having no qualifications he got the job.
He got the job in spite of having no qualifications.
(译文同上。)
despite(= in spite of)主要用于报刊和正规英语中:
Despite the severe weather conditions all the cars completed the course.
」芷蛱跫窳樱谐盗径寂芡炅巳獭?
D 注意though/although之后要求用主语+动词结构:
Although it was windy...
尽管有风……
in spite of/despite要求带名词/代词或动名词:
In spite of the wind...
(译文同上。)
例句:
Although it smelt horrible...
尽管味道很难闻……相当于:
In spite of the horrible smell...
任凭味道多难闻……
Although it was dangerous...
尽管这很危险……相当于:
In spite of the danger...
哪怕有危险……
Though he was inexperienced...
虽然他没有经验……相当于:
In spite of his inexperience/his being inexperienced...
哪怕他没有经验……
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[Amber demo]
330 for 和 because
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这两个词的意思很相近,通常是可以互换使用的。为了安全起见,最好用because引导从句,因为同because引导的从句相比,for引导的从句(英文中称为for-clause)的用法要受到某些限制:
1 for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用 for。)
2 for引导的从句不能位于not,but或任何连词之后:
He stole,not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(这里不能用for。)
3 for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:
―Why did you do it?
―I did it because I was angry.
―你为什么这么做?
―因为我生气才这么做的。(这里不能用for。)
4 for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话,而必须包括新的内容:
He spoke in French.She was angry because he had spoken in French.
他讲法语。因为他讲法语,她生气了。(这里不能用for。)
但是说:
She was angry,for she didn’t know French.
她生气了,因为她不懂法语。(这里用for是正确的,也可用because。)之所以有这些用法上的限定,其理由是for引导的从句不能直
接说明某一特定动作发生的原因,而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。
例句如:
The days were short,for it was now December.
天短了,现在已是12月了。
He took the food eagerly,for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来,因为他从天亮就没吃过东西。
When I saw her in the river I was frightened.For at that point thecu
327 besides,however,nevertheless,
otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet,though
?
这些副词/连词可以连接两个从句或两个句子。此时它们被认为是“准连词”。除了nevertheless和therefore二者为连词外,它们也可有其他用法,有时用做其他词类。它们在句中的位置取决于它们的用法。
A besides(介词)意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词/代词/动名词之前:
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.
除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides(副词)意为“又,另外”,通常位于它引导的从句之前,有时也可位于其后:
I can’t go now;I’m too busy.Besides,my passport is out of date.
我现在不能走,我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
在较正式的英语中,可以用moreover代替besides。
在较非正式的英语中,也可用anyway或 in any case代替这样使用的 besides:
Anyway,my passport’s out of date.
反正,我的护照过期了。
B however(程度副词,参见第41节)可位于形容词/副词之前:
You couldn’t earn much,however hard you worked
无论你干得多卖力,你都挣不了多少钱。
however(连词)通常意为“但是”,可位于它所引导的从句之前或之后,或位于第一个词或短语之后:
I’ll offer it to Tom.However,he may not want it./He may not want it however./Tom,however,may not want it./If,however,he doesn’t want it...
我将提出把这个给汤姆,然而他可能不要它。/而汤姆可能不要它。/然而,万一汤姆不要它的话……
但提到两句意义相反的话时, however意为“但是/仍然/同样”:
They hadn’t trained hard,but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won however/nevertheless/all the same.
他们并没有刻苦训练,但/无论如何/仍然/同样获胜了。
(另参见第329节。)
C otherwise(副词)常常位于动词之后:
It must be used in a well-ventilated room.Used otherwise it could be harmful.
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise(连词)意为“要是不/否则”:
We must be early;otherwise we won’t get a seat.
我们得早点去,否则我们就没有座位了。
在英语口语中,这里也可用or:
We must be early or(else)we won’t get a seat.
(译文同上。)
D so(程度副词)位于形容词/副词之前:
It was so hot that...
天气太热了,因而……
They ran so fast that...
他们骑得太快了,因而……
so(连词)位于它所引导的从句之前:
Our cases were heavy,so we took a taxi.
我们的箱子太重了,所以我们要了辆出租车。
E therefore(连词)在正式英语中可用来代替so。它可位于一个从句之前、该从句的第一个词或第一个短语之后、或该从句的主要动词之前:
There is fog at Heathrow;the plane,therefore,has been diverted/the plane has therefore been diverted/therefore the plane has been diverted.
希思罗机场有雾;因此飞机转飞别的机场了。
F still和yet可作时间副词(参见第37节):
The children are still up.They haven’t had supper yet.
孩子们还没上床睡觉/醒着。他们还没吃晚饭呢。
still和yet(连词)位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still(连词)意为“虽承认某事/尽管如此”。
yet(连词)意为“不管,不顾/同样/尽管如此”。
You aren’t rich;still you could do something to help him.
你虽然不富有,但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive;yet people buy them.
它们既难看又昂贵,但人们还是买。
G though/although通常引导让步从句(参见第340节):
Though/Although they’re expensive,people buy them.
尽管/虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。
though也可用于连接两个主句,但although不能这样用。
though这么用时意为“但”或“还”,有时位于句首,大多数情况下位于句末:
He says he’ll pay,though I don’t think he will./He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will,though.
他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。
?
[Amber demo]
328 从属连词
?
if,that,though/although,unless,when等
引导从属从句或名词从句的从属连词在有关从句的各章中均有所描述。条件从句参见第二十一章;目的从句参见第三十三章;理由、结果、让步、比较从句和时间从句参见第三十四章;名词从句参见第三十五章。某些连词有多种意思,可引导不同类型的从句。
有些连词容易与另一个连词或与几个其他词类混淆。下面就谈一谈这些连词。
?
[Amber demo]
329 though/although和in spite of
(介词短语),despite(介词)
?
两个相反的或对照的陈述语,如He had no qualifications(他没有资格证明)和 He got the job(他得到了工作),可用下列方法合并到一个句子里:
A 可如上面第 327节所示,用but,however或 nevertheless:
He had no qualifications but he got the job.
他没有资格证明,但他却得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;however he got the job/he got the job,howev- er.
他没有资格证明,但仍然得到了这份工作。
He had no qualifications;nevertheless he got the job.
他没有资格证明,然而他还是得到了这份工作。
B 可以使用 though/although:
He got the job although he had no qualifications.
Although he had no qualifications he got the job.
尽管他没有资格证明,他还是得到了这份工作。
C 可以使用 in spite of/despite+名词/代词/动名词:
In spite of having no qualifications he got the job.
He got the job in spite of having no qualifications.
(译文同上。)
despite(= in spite of)主要用于报刊和正规英语中:
Despite the severe weather conditions all the cars completed the course.
」芷蛱跫窳樱谐盗径寂芡炅巳獭?
D 注意though/although之后要求用主语+动词结构:
Although it was windy...
尽管有风……
in spite of/despite要求带名词/代词或动名词:
In spite of the wind...
(译文同上。)
例句:
Although it smelt horrible...
尽管味道很难闻……相当于:
In spite of the horrible smell...
任凭味道多难闻……
Although it was dangerous...
尽管这很危险……相当于:
In spite of the danger...
哪怕有危险……
Though he was inexperienced...
虽然他没有经验……相当于:
In spite of his inexperience/his being inexperienced...
哪怕他没有经验……
?
[Amber demo]
330 for 和 because
?
这两个词的意思很相近,通常是可以互换使用的。为了安全起见,最好用because引导从句,因为同because引导的从句相比,for引导的从句(英文中称为for-clause)的用法要受到某些限制:
1 for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用 for。)
2 for引导的从句不能位于not,but或任何连词之后:
He stole,not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(这里不能用for。)
3 for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:
―Why did you do it?
―I did it because I was angry.
―你为什么这么做?
―因为我生气才这么做的。(这里不能用for。)
4 for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话,而必须包括新的内容:
He spoke in French.She was angry because he had spoken in French.
他讲法语。因为他讲法语,她生气了。(这里不能用for。)
但是说:
She was angry,for she didn’t know French.
她生气了,因为她不懂法语。(这里用for是正确的,也可用because。)之所以有这些用法上的限定,其理由是for引导的从句不能直
接说明某一特定动作发生的原因,而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。
例句如:
The days were short,for it was now December.
天短了,现在已是12月了。
He took the food eagerly,for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来,因为他从天亮就没吃过东西。
When I saw her in the river I was frightened.For at that point thecu
