till the 31st，'he says／said．
他说：“你到31号才需要付钱。”相当于：
He says／said I needn't pay till the 31st．
他说我到31号才需要付钱。
（参见第325节C。）
D need变否定形式时也可像普通动词一样变化，如下面第149节所示。表中也列出了相应的have to形式。关于疑问句形式参见第151节。
need与will／shall，do／does／did等助动词连用时应当用带to 的不定式，有时称为need to以引起学生注意。
?
[Amber demo]
149 表示无义务的各种形式
?
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
但是，关于needn't在间接引语中的用法，参见上面第148节C。
shan't／won't need to=shan't／won't have to
don't／doesn't need to=don't／doesn't have to
didn't need to= didn't have to（但 didn't have to更常见）
从上面的表格中可以看出，与haven't／hasn't got to和 hadn't got to完全同义的 need的形式是不存在的。
?
[Amber demo]
150 need not与其他各种形式的区别
?
A1 如前所述，need not表示说话人的权威或劝告：
You needn't write me another cheque．Just change the date and initial it．
你不必给我另开一张支票。你只需改一下日期并签上你姓名的第一个字母。
I'm in no hurry．He needn't send it by air．He can send it by sea．
我不着急。他不必用航空寄来。海运过来就行。
You needn't do it by hand．I'll lend you my machine．
你不必用手缝。我把缝纫机借给你。
You needn't call me Mr Jones．We all use first names here．
你不用管我叫琼斯先生。我们这里都只叫名字。
College lecturer：You needn't type your essays but you must write legi- bly．
大学教师：你们不必把文章用打字机打出来，但必须字迹清楚。
2 其他表示外界权威的形式：
Tom doesn't have to wear uniform at school．
汤姆在学校不一定要穿校服。
We don't have to type our essays but we have to write legibly．
我们的文章不一定要打出来，但字迹一定要清楚。
When I'm an old age pensioner I won't have to pay any more bus fares．
等我到领取养老金的时候，我坐公共汽车就不用买票了。
Ann hasn't got to go／doesn't have to go to this lecture．Attendance is op- tional．
安不一定非去听讲。那讲座是可去可不去的。
When I have a telephone of my own I won't have to waste time waiting outside these wretched telephone boxes．
等我自己有了电话，我就不用等在讨厌的电话亭外而浪费时间了。
Ann doesn't have to cook for herself．She works at a hotel and gets all hermeals there．
安不用自己做饭吃。她在一家饭店工作，在那里用餐。
3 然而，有时need not也可以用于表示外界权威，以代替won't／ don't need to或won't／don't have to等各种形式。这种用法尤其普遍地用于第一人称：
I needn't／won't／don't have to type this report today．Mr Jones said that there was no hurry about it．
我今天不必把这个报告打出来。琼斯先生说这份报告不急着要。
请注意，虽然 need not可用来表示将来的习惯性动作：
I'm retiring．After Friday I need never go to the office again．
我就要退休了。星期五之后我就再也不必到办公室去了。
但不能用 need not表示一个现在的习惯性动作：
I don't have to queue for my bus．I get on at the terminus．
我用不着排队等公共汽车。我在首发站上车。（这里不能用need
not。）
B 过去时
如need用于过去时，说话人的权威和外界权威之间的差别就消失了，因而我们可任意运用以下三种形式：didn't have to，didn't need to和hadn't got to。这几种用法不存在含义上的差别，但 hadn't got to不常用于表示习惯性动作。 didn't have to 是最常用的：
I didn't have to wait long．He was only a few minutes late．
我没等太长时间。他只迟到了几分钟。
When he was at university he didn't have to／need to pay anything for his keep，for he stayed with his uncle．
他读大学时不需要付食宿费用，因为他与他的叔父住在一起。
?
[Amber demo]
151 must，have to和 need用于疑问句
?
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
need？和must？都意味着说话的对方是有关的权威。need？还包含着说话人希望得到否定回答的含义：Must I go，moth- er？和Need I go，mother？含义相同，但在后一问句中，说话人希望他的母亲回答说“不”。need的另一种疑问式do I need？等也有同样的用法。注意以下各种可能的回答：
―Shall I have to go？
―Yes，you will．／No，you won't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Have I got to go？
―Yes，you have．／No，you haven't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Does he have to go？
―Yes，he does．／No，he doesn't
―他必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Need I go？
―Yes，you must．／No，you needn't．
―我需要去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不需要去。
―Must I go？
―Yes，you must．／No，you needn't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不需要去。
?
[Amber demo]
152 needn't+完成式
?
这个结构用来表示虽然不必要但却已完成的动作：
I needn't have written to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards．
我本来不需要给他写信，因为不久之后他就给我打了电话。（但我的确写了，因而浪费了时间。）
You needn't have brought your umbrella for we are going by car．
你本来不用带雨伞，因为我们将要坐车去。（但是你却多余地带了伞。）
He needn't have left home at 6:00；the train doesn't start till 7:30．
他本不必6点就离开家；火车7点30分才出发。（因此他要等一个小时。）
?
[Amber demo]
153 needn't have（done）和didn't have／
need（to do）的比较
?
A needn't have done意指没必要干某件事但多余地干了，即浪费了时间：
You needn't have watered the flowers，for it is going to rain．
你本不必浇那些花，因为就要下雨了。（你浪费了时间。）
You needn't have written such a long essay．The teacher only asked for
300 words，and you have written 600．
你本不必写这么长的文章。老师只要求写300个字而你却写了600个字。
He needn't have bought such a large house．His wife would have been quite happy in a cottage．
他没必要买这么大一所房子。他的妻子住在一个小房子里也会感到很满意的。（浪费了钱）
You needn't have carried all these parcels yourself．The shop would have delivered them if you had asked them．
你本来没有必要自己拿着这些大包小裹的。要是当时你跟商店说一声，他们就会把东西送来的。
B didn't have／need to do意指不一定非干某事，而通常也并没有这样做：
I didn't have to translate it for him for he understands Dutch．
我用不着替他翻译，因为他懂荷兰语。
I didn't have to cut the grass myself．My brother did it．
我用不着自己修剪草坪。我的兄弟修剪过了。（无义务，而且无行动）有些人的确把didn't have to／didn't need to用于表示已完成的动作，这时 have或 need都要加以重读：You didn't 'have to give him my name通常意味着没有必要告诉他我的姓名，但是你却告诉了他。但当一个不必要的动作实际已完成了时，还是用needn't have+过去分词为好：
You needn't have given him my name．
你本来没必要把我的姓名告诉他的。
?
[Amber demo]
154 needn't，could和should+完成式
?
A needn't+完成式常常和could+完成式结合使用。这种
他说：“你到31号才需要付钱。”相当于：
He says／said I needn't pay till the 31st．
他说我到31号才需要付钱。
（参见第325节C。）
D need变否定形式时也可像普通动词一样变化，如下面第149节所示。表中也列出了相应的have to形式。关于疑问句形式参见第151节。
need与will／shall，do／does／did等助动词连用时应当用带to 的不定式，有时称为need to以引起学生注意。
?
[Amber demo]
149 表示无义务的各种形式
?
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
但是，关于needn't在间接引语中的用法，参见上面第148节C。
shan't／won't need to=shan't／won't have to
don't／doesn't need to=don't／doesn't have to
didn't need to= didn't have to（但 didn't have to更常见）
从上面的表格中可以看出，与haven't／hasn't got to和 hadn't got to完全同义的 need的形式是不存在的。
?
[Amber demo]
150 need not与其他各种形式的区别
?
A1 如前所述，need not表示说话人的权威或劝告：
You needn't write me another cheque．Just change the date and initial it．
你不必给我另开一张支票。你只需改一下日期并签上你姓名的第一个字母。
I'm in no hurry．He needn't send it by air．He can send it by sea．
我不着急。他不必用航空寄来。海运过来就行。
You needn't do it by hand．I'll lend you my machine．
你不必用手缝。我把缝纫机借给你。
You needn't call me Mr Jones．We all use first names here．
你不用管我叫琼斯先生。我们这里都只叫名字。
College lecturer：You needn't type your essays but you must write legi- bly．
大学教师：你们不必把文章用打字机打出来，但必须字迹清楚。
2 其他表示外界权威的形式：
Tom doesn't have to wear uniform at school．
汤姆在学校不一定要穿校服。
We don't have to type our essays but we have to write legibly．
我们的文章不一定要打出来，但字迹一定要清楚。
When I'm an old age pensioner I won't have to pay any more bus fares．
等我到领取养老金的时候，我坐公共汽车就不用买票了。
Ann hasn't got to go／doesn't have to go to this lecture．Attendance is op- tional．
安不一定非去听讲。那讲座是可去可不去的。
When I have a telephone of my own I won't have to waste time waiting outside these wretched telephone boxes．
等我自己有了电话，我就不用等在讨厌的电话亭外而浪费时间了。
Ann doesn't have to cook for herself．She works at a hotel and gets all hermeals there．
安不用自己做饭吃。她在一家饭店工作，在那里用餐。
3 然而，有时need not也可以用于表示外界权威，以代替won't／ don't need to或won't／don't have to等各种形式。这种用法尤其普遍地用于第一人称：
I needn't／won't／don't have to type this report today．Mr Jones said that there was no hurry about it．
我今天不必把这个报告打出来。琼斯先生说这份报告不急着要。
请注意，虽然 need not可用来表示将来的习惯性动作：
I'm retiring．After Friday I need never go to the office again．
我就要退休了。星期五之后我就再也不必到办公室去了。
但不能用 need not表示一个现在的习惯性动作：
I don't have to queue for my bus．I get on at the terminus．
我用不着排队等公共汽车。我在首发站上车。（这里不能用need
not。）
B 过去时
如need用于过去时，说话人的权威和外界权威之间的差别就消失了，因而我们可任意运用以下三种形式：didn't have to，didn't need to和hadn't got to。这几种用法不存在含义上的差别，但 hadn't got to不常用于表示习惯性动作。 didn't have to 是最常用的：
I didn't have to wait long．He was only a few minutes late．
我没等太长时间。他只迟到了几分钟。
When he was at university he didn't have to／need to pay anything for his keep，for he stayed with his uncle．
他读大学时不需要付食宿费用，因为他与他的叔父住在一起。
?
[Amber demo]
151 must，have to和 need用于疑问句
?
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
need？和must？都意味着说话的对方是有关的权威。need？还包含着说话人希望得到否定回答的含义：Must I go，moth- er？和Need I go，mother？含义相同，但在后一问句中，说话人希望他的母亲回答说“不”。need的另一种疑问式do I need？等也有同样的用法。注意以下各种可能的回答：
―Shall I have to go？
―Yes，you will．／No，you won't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Have I got to go？
―Yes，you have．／No，you haven't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Does he have to go？
―Yes，he does．／No，he doesn't
―他必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不必去。
―Need I go？
―Yes，you must．／No，you needn't．
―我需要去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不需要去。
―Must I go？
―Yes，you must．／No，you needn't．
―我必须去吗？
―是的，必须去。／不，不需要去。
?
[Amber demo]
152 needn't+完成式
?
这个结构用来表示虽然不必要但却已完成的动作：
I needn't have written to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards．
我本来不需要给他写信，因为不久之后他就给我打了电话。（但我的确写了，因而浪费了时间。）
You needn't have brought your umbrella for we are going by car．
你本来不用带雨伞，因为我们将要坐车去。（但是你却多余地带了伞。）
He needn't have left home at 6:00；the train doesn't start till 7:30．
他本不必6点就离开家；火车7点30分才出发。（因此他要等一个小时。）
?
[Amber demo]
153 needn't have（done）和didn't have／
need（to do）的比较
?
A needn't have done意指没必要干某件事但多余地干了，即浪费了时间：
You needn't have watered the flowers，for it is going to rain．
你本不必浇那些花，因为就要下雨了。（你浪费了时间。）
You needn't have written such a long essay．The teacher only asked for
300 words，and you have written 600．
你本不必写这么长的文章。老师只要求写300个字而你却写了600个字。
He needn't have bought such a large house．His wife would have been quite happy in a cottage．
他没必要买这么大一所房子。他的妻子住在一个小房子里也会感到很满意的。（浪费了钱）
You needn't have carried all these parcels yourself．The shop would have delivered them if you had asked them．
你本来没有必要自己拿着这些大包小裹的。要是当时你跟商店说一声，他们就会把东西送来的。
B didn't have／need to do意指不一定非干某事，而通常也并没有这样做：
I didn't have to translate it for him for he understands Dutch．
我用不着替他翻译，因为他懂荷兰语。
I didn't have to cut the grass myself．My brother did it．
我用不着自己修剪草坪。我的兄弟修剪过了。（无义务，而且无行动）有些人的确把didn't have to／didn't need to用于表示已完成的动作，这时 have或 need都要加以重读：You didn't 'have to give him my name通常意味着没有必要告诉他我的姓名，但是你却告诉了他。但当一个不必要的动作实际已完成了时，还是用needn't have+过去分词为好：
You needn't have given him my name．
你本来没必要把我的姓名告诉他的。
?
[Amber demo]
154 needn't，could和should+完成式
?
A needn't+完成式常常和could+完成式结合使用。这种