用法最好通过例句来说明:
―I wanted a copy of the letter,so I typed it twice.
―You needn't have typed it twice.You could have used a carbon.
―我需要那封信的副本,所以我打了两遍字。
―你没必要打两遍。你当时本可以用复写纸打。
―I walked up six flights of stairs.
―You needn't have walked up;you could have taken the lift.
―我爬了六层楼梯。
―你没必要走着上去;你本来可以乘电梯的。
―She stood in a queue to get an Underground ticket.
―But she needn't have stood in a queue.She could have got a ticket from the machine.
―她排队买一张地铁车票。
―可她本来不需要排队。她本可以在售票机那儿买票。
B needn’t have和 should have的比较
should或ought to在以上A的例句中都可以代替need或could:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue.She should have got tickets from the machine.
她本来就不该去排队。她应当在售票机那儿买票。
但这里存在着含义上的差别:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue.
她本来就不该去排队。(她排队是错误的或愚蠢的。)
She needn't have stood in a queue.
她本不必去排队。(这样做是不必要的,但她却排了队。)
shouldn't have(done)有批评之意。
needn't have(done)不含有批评之意。
?
[Amber demo]
155 need意指require(需要)
?
如第149节所示,need可以像普通动词那样变化。此时它有
通常的各种规则的变化形式,但没有进行式。
need可以和带to的不定式连用,或者和作宾语的名词/代词连用:
I need to know the exact size.
我需要知道确切的尺寸。
How much money do you need?I need £
5.你需要多少钱?我需要五英镑。
need可以和不定式的被动式或动名词连用
Your hair needs to be cut/needs cutting.
你需要理发了。
The windows need to be washed/need washing.
这些窗户需要擦洗了。
这里可以用want+动名词代替:
Your hair wants cutting.
你需要理发了。
?
[Amber demo]
第十五章must,have,will和should表示推断和假设?
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[Amber demo]
156 must表示推断
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A 各种形式
现在时
must+现在式:
He must live here.
他一定是住在这里。
或must+进行式:
He must be living here.
(译文同上。)
过去时
must+完成式:
He must have lived here.
他一定在这里住过。
或 must+ 完成进行式:
He must have been living here.
他当时一定住在这里的。
注意 must的各种过去式表示推断和 had to相当于 must表示义务的区别。
must不能用于表示否定的推断(参见第159节),一般也不用于疑问式,除非是对含有must的推断句提问:
―There is a lot of noise from upstairs.It must be Tom.
―Why must it be Tom?Other people use that flat.
―楼上喧闹的声音很大。一定是汤姆弄的。
―为什么一定是汤姆呢?那套房子里也有别人。
B 例句
He has a house in London and another in Paris,so he must be rich.
他在伦敦有一栋房子,在巴黎又有一栋房子,可知他一定有钱。
―I've had no sleep for 48 hours.
―You must be exhausted.
―我已经48小时没睡觉了。
―你一定筋疲力尽了。
He develops his own films.That must save him a lot of money.
他自己冲洗照片。那样肯定为他节省了很多钱。
I keep meeting him on the bus.He must live/must be living near by.
我接连在公共汽车上碰到他。他一定就住在附近。
The police are stopping all cars.They must be looking for the escapedprisoner.
警察命令每一辆车都停下来(接受检查)。他们一定是在查找逃犯。―What explosion?I didn't hear any.
―You must have heard it!The whole town heard it!
―什么爆炸声?我一点也没听见。
―你一定听见了!全城人都听见了!
He must have taken sleeping pills last night.He didn't wake up till lunch time.
他昨晚一定吃了安眠药。他一直到吃中午饭的时候才醒来。
―I waited under the clock!
―So did I,but I didn't see you!We must have been waiting under differ- ent clocks.
―我在大钟底下等的!
―我也是,可我没见到你!一定是在两个不同的钟底下等的。
―It was a head-on collision,but the drivers weren't hurt.
―They must have been wearing their seat belts.
―这次车祸中肇事车辆迎头相撞,但两个驾驶员都没伤着。
―他们肯定系了安全带了。
?
[Amber demo]
157 must与may/might的比较
?
它们之间的差别最好通过实例来了解:
(a)设想一个钥匙环上有三把钥匙,而且知道其中一把钥匙是开地下室的门的。可能选出一把钥匙说:
This may/might be the key.
可能就是这一把钥匙。(也许这是那把钥匙。)
但一连试了两把钥匙都没打开锁,就会拿起第三把钥匙说:
This must be the key.
一定是这把钥匙。(不存在别的选择了。)
(b)―I wonder why Tom hasn't answered my letter.
―He may/might be ill.
―我不知道汤姆为什么没给我回信。
―他可能生病了。(但也存在其他可能性:说不定他出门了,或者事情太忙无暇写信。)
但假设比尔从来没有人来访问他。如果急救车停在他门口,邻居们会说Bill must be ill(比尔一定得了病了)。这是对于急救车来到他家一事可能做出的唯一解释。
(c)同样,在谈到过去的动作时:
He may have come by train.
他也许是乘火车来的。(但也存在别的可能:他可能是乘出租汽车或公共汽车来的。)
但He must have come by taxi(他一定是乘出租汽车来的)意指他没有其他选择,不存在用其他办法进行这种旅行的可能。
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[Amber demo]
158 have/had表示推断
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这是美国人的用法,但有时英国人也这么用。
have/had主要是用在与to be连用时:
―There's a tall gred bird fishing in the river.
―It has to be/must be a heron.
―河里有一个大个的灰鸟在捕鱼。
―那一定是一只苍鹭。
had+to be可表示说话人对过去可能发生的事认为是肯定无疑的:
There was a knock on the door.It had to be Tom.
有人敲门。肯定是汤姆。(他肯定是汤姆。)
had+to be也可用来代替 must+完成式:
―I wonder who took the money.
―It had to be Tom./It must have been Tom.He's the only one who wasthere.
―我不知道谁把这钱拿去了。
―肯定是汤姆。当时只有他在那里。
但为了避免混淆,建议学生们还是尽量用must的各种形式。
?
[Amber demo]
159 can't和couldn't表示否定的推断
?
A 对现在事件的否定推断,可以用can't或couldn't加上动词be的现在式或者可以用can't/couldn't加上动词的进行式表示:
Child:Can I have some sweets?I'm hungry.
孩子:我可以吃些糖果吗?我饿了。
Mother:You can't/couldn't be hungry.You've just had dinner.
母亲:你不会饿的。你刚吃过饭。
Ann(looking through binoculars):An aeroplane is pulling up people fromthe boat!
安(透过望远镜):有一架飞机正把人们从小船吊到飞机上!
Tom:It can't/couldn't be an aeroplane.It must be a helicopter.
汤姆:不可能是一架飞机。一定是一架直升机。
―He says he's still reading The Turn of the Screw.
―He can't/couldn't still be reading it.I lent it to him ages ago and it's quite a short book.
―他说他还在读《螺丝在拧紧》。
―他不可能还在读那本书。我很久以前就把书借给他了,而且书也很薄。
B 对过去事件的否定推断,可以由can't/couldn't+动词的完成式或完成进行式表示:
―A man answered the phone.I suppose it was her husband.
―It can't/couldn't have been her husband.He's been deaf for ages.
―是一个男人接的电话。我想大概是她丈夫。
―不可能是她丈夫。他耳聋了许多年了。
―I took a Circle Line train to St Paul's.
―You can't/couldn't have taken the Circle Line.It doesn't go through St Paul's.You must have been on
―I wanted a copy of the letter,so I typed it twice.
―You needn't have typed it twice.You could have used a carbon.
―我需要那封信的副本,所以我打了两遍字。
―你没必要打两遍。你当时本可以用复写纸打。
―I walked up six flights of stairs.
―You needn't have walked up;you could have taken the lift.
―我爬了六层楼梯。
―你没必要走着上去;你本来可以乘电梯的。
―She stood in a queue to get an Underground ticket.
―But she needn't have stood in a queue.She could have got a ticket from the machine.
―她排队买一张地铁车票。
―可她本来不需要排队。她本可以在售票机那儿买票。
B needn’t have和 should have的比较
should或ought to在以上A的例句中都可以代替need或could:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue.She should have got tickets from the machine.
她本来就不该去排队。她应当在售票机那儿买票。
但这里存在着含义上的差别:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue.
她本来就不该去排队。(她排队是错误的或愚蠢的。)
She needn't have stood in a queue.
她本不必去排队。(这样做是不必要的,但她却排了队。)
shouldn't have(done)有批评之意。
needn't have(done)不含有批评之意。
?
[Amber demo]
155 need意指require(需要)
?
如第149节所示,need可以像普通动词那样变化。此时它有
通常的各种规则的变化形式,但没有进行式。
need可以和带to的不定式连用,或者和作宾语的名词/代词连用:
I need to know the exact size.
我需要知道确切的尺寸。
How much money do you need?I need £
5.你需要多少钱?我需要五英镑。
need可以和不定式的被动式或动名词连用
Your hair needs to be cut/needs cutting.
你需要理发了。
The windows need to be washed/need washing.
这些窗户需要擦洗了。
这里可以用want+动名词代替:
Your hair wants cutting.
你需要理发了。
?
[Amber demo]
第十五章must,have,will和should表示推断和假设?
?
[Amber demo]
156 must表示推断
?
A 各种形式
现在时
must+现在式:
He must live here.
他一定是住在这里。
或must+进行式:
He must be living here.
(译文同上。)
过去时
must+完成式:
He must have lived here.
他一定在这里住过。
或 must+ 完成进行式:
He must have been living here.
他当时一定住在这里的。
注意 must的各种过去式表示推断和 had to相当于 must表示义务的区别。
must不能用于表示否定的推断(参见第159节),一般也不用于疑问式,除非是对含有must的推断句提问:
―There is a lot of noise from upstairs.It must be Tom.
―Why must it be Tom?Other people use that flat.
―楼上喧闹的声音很大。一定是汤姆弄的。
―为什么一定是汤姆呢?那套房子里也有别人。
B 例句
He has a house in London and another in Paris,so he must be rich.
他在伦敦有一栋房子,在巴黎又有一栋房子,可知他一定有钱。
―I've had no sleep for 48 hours.
―You must be exhausted.
―我已经48小时没睡觉了。
―你一定筋疲力尽了。
He develops his own films.That must save him a lot of money.
他自己冲洗照片。那样肯定为他节省了很多钱。
I keep meeting him on the bus.He must live/must be living near by.
我接连在公共汽车上碰到他。他一定就住在附近。
The police are stopping all cars.They must be looking for the escapedprisoner.
警察命令每一辆车都停下来(接受检查)。他们一定是在查找逃犯。―What explosion?I didn't hear any.
―You must have heard it!The whole town heard it!
―什么爆炸声?我一点也没听见。
―你一定听见了!全城人都听见了!
He must have taken sleeping pills last night.He didn't wake up till lunch time.
他昨晚一定吃了安眠药。他一直到吃中午饭的时候才醒来。
―I waited under the clock!
―So did I,but I didn't see you!We must have been waiting under differ- ent clocks.
―我在大钟底下等的!
―我也是,可我没见到你!一定是在两个不同的钟底下等的。
―It was a head-on collision,but the drivers weren't hurt.
―They must have been wearing their seat belts.
―这次车祸中肇事车辆迎头相撞,但两个驾驶员都没伤着。
―他们肯定系了安全带了。
?
[Amber demo]
157 must与may/might的比较
?
它们之间的差别最好通过实例来了解:
(a)设想一个钥匙环上有三把钥匙,而且知道其中一把钥匙是开地下室的门的。可能选出一把钥匙说:
This may/might be the key.
可能就是这一把钥匙。(也许这是那把钥匙。)
但一连试了两把钥匙都没打开锁,就会拿起第三把钥匙说:
This must be the key.
一定是这把钥匙。(不存在别的选择了。)
(b)―I wonder why Tom hasn't answered my letter.
―He may/might be ill.
―我不知道汤姆为什么没给我回信。
―他可能生病了。(但也存在其他可能性:说不定他出门了,或者事情太忙无暇写信。)
但假设比尔从来没有人来访问他。如果急救车停在他门口,邻居们会说Bill must be ill(比尔一定得了病了)。这是对于急救车来到他家一事可能做出的唯一解释。
(c)同样,在谈到过去的动作时:
He may have come by train.
他也许是乘火车来的。(但也存在别的可能:他可能是乘出租汽车或公共汽车来的。)
但He must have come by taxi(他一定是乘出租汽车来的)意指他没有其他选择,不存在用其他办法进行这种旅行的可能。
?
[Amber demo]
158 have/had表示推断
?
这是美国人的用法,但有时英国人也这么用。
have/had主要是用在与to be连用时:
―There's a tall gred bird fishing in the river.
―It has to be/must be a heron.
―河里有一个大个的灰鸟在捕鱼。
―那一定是一只苍鹭。
had+to be可表示说话人对过去可能发生的事认为是肯定无疑的:
There was a knock on the door.It had to be Tom.
有人敲门。肯定是汤姆。(他肯定是汤姆。)
had+to be也可用来代替 must+完成式:
―I wonder who took the money.
―It had to be Tom./It must have been Tom.He's the only one who wasthere.
―我不知道谁把这钱拿去了。
―肯定是汤姆。当时只有他在那里。
但为了避免混淆,建议学生们还是尽量用must的各种形式。
?
[Amber demo]
159 can't和couldn't表示否定的推断
?
A 对现在事件的否定推断,可以用can't或couldn't加上动词be的现在式或者可以用can't/couldn't加上动词的进行式表示:
Child:Can I have some sweets?I'm hungry.
孩子:我可以吃些糖果吗?我饿了。
Mother:You can't/couldn't be hungry.You've just had dinner.
母亲:你不会饿的。你刚吃过饭。
Ann(looking through binoculars):An aeroplane is pulling up people fromthe boat!
安(透过望远镜):有一架飞机正把人们从小船吊到飞机上!
Tom:It can't/couldn't be an aeroplane.It must be a helicopter.
汤姆:不可能是一架飞机。一定是一架直升机。
―He says he's still reading The Turn of the Screw.
―He can't/couldn't still be reading it.I lent it to him ages ago and it's quite a short book.
―他说他还在读《螺丝在拧紧》。
―他不可能还在读那本书。我很久以前就把书借给他了,而且书也很薄。
B 对过去事件的否定推断,可以由can't/couldn't+动词的完成式或完成进行式表示:
―A man answered the phone.I suppose it was her husband.
―It can't/couldn't have been her husband.He's been deaf for ages.
―是一个男人接的电话。我想大概是她丈夫。
―不可能是她丈夫。他耳聋了许多年了。
―I took a Circle Line train to St Paul's.
―You can't/couldn't have taken the Circle Line.It doesn't go through St Paul's.You must have been on
