be written to.
必须给他写信。
主动态: You can play with these cubs quite safely.
你和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。
被动态:?These cubs can be played with quite safely.
驼庑┬茚套油娌换嵊形O铡?
对动词+介词/副词结构,也应同样处理:
主动态: They threw away the old newspapers.
他们把旧报纸扔了。
被动态: The old newspapers were thrown away.
旧报纸给扔了。
主动态: He looked after the children well.
他对孩子们照顾得很好。
被动态: The children were well looked after.
孩子们被照顾得很好。
?
[Amber demo]
306 被动态动词后的不定式结构
?
A 不定式结构用在acknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,under- stand等动词之后。(参见第245节。)
People consider/know/think等that he is…这类句子有两种被动形式:
It is considered/known/thought etc.that he is…
He is considered/known/thought etc.to be…
同样:
People said that he was jealous of her.
人们说他妒忌她。相当于:
It was said that he was…
He was said to be jealous of her.
据说他妒忌她。
在这两种结构中,用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be,尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用:
He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police.
人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。
如句中所想到的内容涉及到以前的动作,则使用不定式的完成式,因此:
People believed that he was…相当于:
It was believed that he was/He was believed to have been…
People know that he was…相当于:
It is known that he was/He is known to have been…
这种结构可与任何动词的不定式的完成式连用。
B 不定式结构用在suppose后
1 suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式,但这种结构通常都含有这是一种责任、义务的意思,因此并不是同suppose的主动态(常意为“推测”)完全对应的形式:
You are supposed to know how to drive.
你本该会开车。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You should know how to drive.
会开车是你的责任。/你该知道怎么开车。
但He is supposed to be in Paris既可能意思是他应该在那里,也可能是指人们猜想他在那里。
2 suppose的被动态后面同样可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可以有责任和义务的含义,但也常常没有这种含义:
You are supposed to have finished.相当于:
You should have finished.
你早就应该完成了。
但是:
He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman.相当于:
People suppose that he escaped…
据猜测他是乔装打扮成女人逃跑的。
C 用在被动态动词后面的不定式通常是带to的不定式,尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带to的不定式:
主动态: We saw them go out.
我们看见他们出去了。
被动态: They were seen to go out.
有人看见他们出去了。
主动态: He made us work.
他强迫我们干活。
被动态: We were made to work.
我们被迫干活。
然而,惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to:
主动态: They let us go.
他们让我们走了。
被动态: We were let go.
我们被允许走开。
D 不定式的进行式可用于如下动词的被动式之后:believe, know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等。
He is believed/known/said/supposed/thought to be living abroad.相当于:
People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.
据信/据知/据说/据猜测/据认为他住在国外。
You are supposed to be working.相当于:
You should be working.
你本应在工作。
在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式:
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.相当于:
People believed that he was waiting for a message.
据信他当时一直在等待消息。
You are supposed to have been working.相当于:
You should have been working.
你那时本该一直在工作。
?
[Amber demo]
第三十一章?间 接 引 语?
?
[Amber demo]
307 直接引语和间接引语
?
可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语重述说话人的原话:
He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.’
他说:“我把伞丢了。”
这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:
He said(that)he had lost his umbrella.
他说他丢了伞。
表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在complain,explain,object,point out,protest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。
把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。
?
[Amber demo]
308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变
?
A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that…
这种用法常用于下列情况:
(a)复述仍在进行中的对话;
(b)读信件并转述信中的内容;
(c)读指示命令并转述其内容;
(d)复述某人经常说的话。
Tom says that he′ll never get married.
汤姆说他永远不结婚。
引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:
Paul(phoning from the station):I′m trying to get a taxi.
保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。
Ann(to Mary,who is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。
B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
====================================================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
?
C 注意I /we shall/should的用法
I/we shall通常在间接引语中变为he/she/they would:
‘I shall be 21 tomorrow,’said Bill.
比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:
Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。
如果句子是由原说话人复述的,I/we shall就既可以变成I/we
should,也可以变成I/we would,但would用得更为普遍。
同样,I/we should在间接引语中通常变成he/she/they would:
‘If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,’said Bill.
比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:
Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。
但是如果句子由原说话人复述,I/we should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。
?
[Amber demo]
309 过去时态有时保持不变
?
A 从理论上讲,间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时,但在口语中,如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆,则常保持不变。
例如:He said,‘I loved her’(他说:“我爱过她”)必须变成He said he had loved her(他说他爱过她),否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said,‘Ann arrived on Monday’(他说:“安是星期一到的”)可以转述为He said Ann arrived/had arrived on Monday(他说安是星期一到的/他说安已于星期一到达)。
B 从理论上讲,过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时,但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作,否则一般都不变:
She said,‘We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.’
她说:“我们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于:
She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but h
必须给他写信。
主动态: You can play with these cubs quite safely.
你和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。
被动态:?These cubs can be played with quite safely.
驼庑┬茚套油娌换嵊形O铡?
对动词+介词/副词结构,也应同样处理:
主动态: They threw away the old newspapers.
他们把旧报纸扔了。
被动态: The old newspapers were thrown away.
旧报纸给扔了。
主动态: He looked after the children well.
他对孩子们照顾得很好。
被动态: The children were well looked after.
孩子们被照顾得很好。
?
[Amber demo]
306 被动态动词后的不定式结构
?
A 不定式结构用在acknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,under- stand等动词之后。(参见第245节。)
People consider/know/think等that he is…这类句子有两种被动形式:
It is considered/known/thought etc.that he is…
He is considered/known/thought etc.to be…
同样:
People said that he was jealous of her.
人们说他妒忌她。相当于:
It was said that he was…
He was said to be jealous of her.
据说他妒忌她。
在这两种结构中,用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be,尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用:
He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police.
人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。
如句中所想到的内容涉及到以前的动作,则使用不定式的完成式,因此:
People believed that he was…相当于:
It was believed that he was/He was believed to have been…
People know that he was…相当于:
It is known that he was/He is known to have been…
这种结构可与任何动词的不定式的完成式连用。
B 不定式结构用在suppose后
1 suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式,但这种结构通常都含有这是一种责任、义务的意思,因此并不是同suppose的主动态(常意为“推测”)完全对应的形式:
You are supposed to know how to drive.
你本该会开车。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You should know how to drive.
会开车是你的责任。/你该知道怎么开车。
但He is supposed to be in Paris既可能意思是他应该在那里,也可能是指人们猜想他在那里。
2 suppose的被动态后面同样可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可以有责任和义务的含义,但也常常没有这种含义:
You are supposed to have finished.相当于:
You should have finished.
你早就应该完成了。
但是:
He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman.相当于:
People suppose that he escaped…
据猜测他是乔装打扮成女人逃跑的。
C 用在被动态动词后面的不定式通常是带to的不定式,尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带to的不定式:
主动态: We saw them go out.
我们看见他们出去了。
被动态: They were seen to go out.
有人看见他们出去了。
主动态: He made us work.
他强迫我们干活。
被动态: We were made to work.
我们被迫干活。
然而,惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to:
主动态: They let us go.
他们让我们走了。
被动态: We were let go.
我们被允许走开。
D 不定式的进行式可用于如下动词的被动式之后:believe, know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等。
He is believed/known/said/supposed/thought to be living abroad.相当于:
People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.
据信/据知/据说/据猜测/据认为他住在国外。
You are supposed to be working.相当于:
You should be working.
你本应在工作。
在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式:
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.相当于:
People believed that he was waiting for a message.
据信他当时一直在等待消息。
You are supposed to have been working.相当于:
You should have been working.
你那时本该一直在工作。
?
[Amber demo]
第三十一章?间 接 引 语?
?
[Amber demo]
307 直接引语和间接引语
?
可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语重述说话人的原话:
He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.’
他说:“我把伞丢了。”
这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:
He said(that)he had lost his umbrella.
他说他丢了伞。
表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在complain,explain,object,point out,protest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。
把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。
?
[Amber demo]
308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变
?
A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that…
这种用法常用于下列情况:
(a)复述仍在进行中的对话;
(b)读信件并转述信中的内容;
(c)读指示命令并转述其内容;
(d)复述某人经常说的话。
Tom says that he′ll never get married.
汤姆说他永远不结婚。
引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:
Paul(phoning from the station):I′m trying to get a taxi.
保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。
Ann(to Mary,who is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。
B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):
==================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
====================================================================
ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
Trial version
==================================
?
C 注意I /we shall/should的用法
I/we shall通常在间接引语中变为he/she/they would:
‘I shall be 21 tomorrow,’said Bill.
比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:
Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。
如果句子是由原说话人复述的,I/we shall就既可以变成I/we
should,也可以变成I/we would,但would用得更为普遍。
同样,I/we should在间接引语中通常变成he/she/they would:
‘If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,’said Bill.
比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:
Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。
但是如果句子由原说话人复述,I/we should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。
?
[Amber demo]
309 过去时态有时保持不变
?
A 从理论上讲,间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时,但在口语中,如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆,则常保持不变。
例如:He said,‘I loved her’(他说:“我爱过她”)必须变成He said he had loved her(他说他爱过她),否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said,‘Ann arrived on Monday’(他说:“安是星期一到的”)可以转述为He said Ann arrived/had arrived on Monday(他说安是星期一到的/他说安已于星期一到达)。
B 从理论上讲,过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时,但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作,否则一般都不变:
She said,‘We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.’
她说:“我们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于:
She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but h
